【陳來】論儒家一包養網站的實踐聰明

requestId:68499ab144a315.52198575.

About the Practical Intelligence of Confucianism

Author: Chen Lai

Source: “Philosophy Research” No. 8, 2014

Confucianism has always valued the Practical Intelligence of Confucianism. Since Confucius, it has emphasized the meaning of Confucianism in its practical level. Its characteristics are as follows: First, it emphasizes a person’s practical wisdom; second, it is based on morality and never deprives itself of virtue; third, it highlights the dimension of self-cultivation; fourth, it must be transformed into a practical action.

【Keywords】Confucianism, practical wisdom, self-cultivation, and unity of knowledge and action

The tradition of Chinese philosophy emphasizes practical wisdom. It can be said that practical wisdom has always been the subject and focus of Chinese philosophy. Since Confucius, Confucianism has emphasized philosophy as the meaning of practical clarity. The characteristics of Confucian philosophical thinking are: to highlight people’s wisdom, but not to highlightBrain the theoretical wisdom of thinking; Confucianism’s practical wisdom always emphasizes the body’s emphasis on self-cultivation into one’s own dimension, that is, the comprehensive self-transformation of the individual’s inner heart; finally, Confucian philosophical thinking always emphasizes that practical wisdom must be transformed into practical actions, and achieves the state of unity of knowledge and action.

1. Morality and virtue

As we all know, the “realistic wisdom” that modern philosophy is increasingly concerned about, and the directness of its literal meaning is derived from ancient Greek philosophy, especially Aristotle’s philosophy. The phronensis in Aristotle’s philosophy was once a prudence, and the Chinese translation was also often translated as “wise”. Now more students receive this verb from the philosophical commentary of the website owner. It is regarded as one of the five methods of human knowledge in Aristotle’s Nicoma Ethics Volume 6, namely technology, science, practical intelligence, cleverness and wisdom. Of course, since Heidegger and Gadma, discussions on practical cleverness in contemporary philosophy have been superThe meaning of Aristotle is beyond the reach of Aristotle’s discussion. [1] The important focus of modern Eastern philosophy on the concept of Aristotle is to control the sensibility of technology on the career world, in order to find a fairness concept that is neither technically produced nor rationally wise.

In Aristotle’s philosophy, the position of “intelligence” is originally higher than that of “realistic wisdom”. But he also pointed out, “People call Anaksagora and Telis smart people, not practical smart people. People see that they know nothing about what is beneficial to themselves, and that everything they know is profound, difficult, and very accessible, but without the value of applying it. Because what they seek is not the benefit of others, which is not the benefit of others. Western. Psychological wisdom is the work of people. “[2] It is obvious that the profound and difficult thing to understand is that there is no real benefit to people; and what “phronesis” seeks is something that is not beneficial to people. This kind of non-benefit is important to people’s goodness, so the reality is closely connected with the reality of goodness. “Sophia” is only speculative and theoretical wisdom, that is, theoretical cleverness is not realistic and has no practical force. It only has true and false, and does not form good and evil. [3]

The original meaning of practical clarity is to emphasize the influence of wise consideration and careful thinking in morality, which is a wise talent that should be used for specific situations. However, the relationship between the “ethical virtue” in Aristotle’s philosophy and the “reality” as one of the theoretical virtues is often not understood. In reality, wisdom is sometimes understood as something. This is also a reason why wisdom has been realized in Eastern philosophy in modern times and has become a wise calculation.

Because phrones are mostly translated as “wisdom”, therefore, in modern Confucian philosophy, the concept closer to phrones is “wisdom”. When we talk about philosophy as a practical wisdom, we naturally think of the interpretation of the traditional Chinese dictionary “Lyah”, which was written in the third century BC. “Lyah·Yan”: “Philosophy is wisdom.” For nearly a hundred years, Chinese has used the translation of “philosophy” of “philosophy” in philosophy. In modern times, philosophy is regarded as wisdom, and the two are synonyms. In this meaning, it can also be said that modern China has long understood philosophy as the learning of wisdom, although modern China has not had an independent “philosophy”. [4]

The word “wisdom”Baohuang.com From the age of knowledge, it was commonly used for “knowledge”. The dictionary of “Name” in the second century AD said, “wisdom is also knowledge.”, there is nothing to know”, it can be seen that “wisdom” is wisdom, “knowledge” is knowledge, and wisdom is not popular knowledge, but advanced knowledge and talent. Wisdom also takes perception as a condition, and perception is experience. In “Yan Zi” “seeing those who are enough to know it is wisdom”, and “Five Elements” also says that “seeing and knowing it is wisdom”, which shows that the need for wisdom is based on wisdom, rather than leaving experience Sensual activities. On the other hand, before the fourth century BC, the “intellectual” in Chinese philosophy mostly refers to the practical ability and knowledge related to people’s things and the world of people. It is not beneficial to people, rather than knowledge of the vast things in the universe. As in “Shangshu” says “knowing people’s philosophy”, [5] “Saidian” records Baobao.com Experience Report, Confucius students asked “knowledge”, “Tsai said to know people.” Mencius also said: “Wisdom means knowing saints.” [6] It is expressed that philosophy is to understand people’s wisdom, and philosophy is related to human life, human nature, human life activities, and human nature laws. You can see that the “philosophy” and “wisdom” mentioned here are practical wisdom. The “Book of Changes” particularly emphasizes the practical wisdom of action, and expresses wisdom as: “Who knows that one can advance and retreat without losing his rightness without losing his rightness is only a saint! ”[7] “Know” the specific stability of life and death without leaving good is the real wisdom of action. Therefore, philosophy, wisdom and wisdom have the meaning of wisdom in modern Chinese.

Confucius talked about benevolence and less wisdom, and he said, “WisdomThose who have the conditions are not confused”, wisdom here is wisdom. “The Doctrine of the Mean” talks about the three virtues, and wisdom is even ranked first, and is ahead of benevolence. You can see the emphasis on wisdom in “The Doctrine of the Mean”. Impartiality is a kind of palm of the sentimental situation against real situations. From experience, the emphasis on wisdom in the Doctrine of the Mean is different from the practical wisdom of Aristotle. There is also a main point in “Doing the Mean” which is to advocate “being good at learning is almost wise”. We understand that although Confucius less talks about wisdom, Confucius attaches great importance to “being good at learning”, and according to the explanation of “being good at learning is almost wise” in “Doing the Mean”, Confucius <a The "good learning" and "intellectual" advocated by women are different, and this reminds a main purpose to the realization of wisdom.